The SLC6 family of secondary active transporters are integral membrane solute carrier
proteins characterized by the Na+-dependent translocation of small amino acid or amino …

Dopamine (DA) plays a well recognized role in a variety of physiologic functions such as
movement, cognition, mood, and reward. Consequently, many human disorders are due, in …

Opioid action was thought to exert reinforcing effects solely via the initial agonism of opioid
receptors. Here, we present evidence for an additional novel contributor to opioid reward …

The initial reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, are largely attributed to
their ability to activate the mesolimbic dopamine system. Resulting increases in extracellular …

The abuse of illicit psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine continues to
pose significant health and societal challenges. Despite considerable efforts to develop …

Under normal conditions the brain maintains a delicate balance between inputs of reward
seeking controlled by neurons containing the D1-like family of dopamine receptors and …

Background Heavy tobacco smoking, a hallmark feature of lung cancer, is drastically
predominant in Middle Eastern populations. The precise links between nicotine dependence …

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a sodium-coupled symporter protein responsible for
modulating the concentration of extraneuronal dopamine in the brain. The DAT is a principle …

Background Treatment of stimulant-use disorders remains a formidable challenge, and the
dopamine transporter (DAT) remains a potential target for antagonist or agonist-like …

Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a major public health issue around the world, yet there
are currently no effective pharmacotherapies for the treatment of METH addiction. METH is a …