A remarkable diversity of plant-eating mammals known as South American native ungulates
(SANUs) flourished in South America for most of the Cenozoic. Although some of these …

Dunkleosteus terrelli, an arthrodire placoderm, is one of the most widely recognized fossil
vertebrates due to its large size and status as one of the earliest vertebrate apex predators …

Phylogenies of mammals based on morphological data continue to show several major
areas of conflict with the current consensus view of their relationships, which is based …

Background Body mass estimation is of paramount importance for paleobiological studies,
as body size influences numerous other biological parameters. In mammals, body mass has …

Body mass (BM) is a fundamental variable for many paleobiological investigations that is
challenging to accurately infer for species that lack living representatives and/or close …

We describe two new macraucheniid litopterns from the late middle Miocene (ca. 13 Ma)
Quebrada Honda Fauna of southern Bolivia. The holotype of 'Theosodon'arozquetai, sp …

Timing and ecological steps of the rise and expansion of grasslands differ not only
geographically but also according to the type of available information. Patagonia (Argentina) …

In this contribution, we report the discovery of Archaeogaia macachaae gen. et sp. nov., one
of the oldest notoungulate recovered from the upper section of Mealla Formation in the …

Litopterna is one the most diverse and long–lived clades of South American native
ungulates. Megadolodus and Neodolodus are bunodont litoptern genera recorded in the …

The debate regarding the evolutionary relationships of the extinct South American native
ungulates (SANUs) to the major placental clades Afrotheria and Boreoeutheria is exciting …