In multicellular and even single-celled organisms, individual components are interconnected
at multiscale levels to produce enormously complex biological networks that help these …

Advances in microscopy techniques applied to living cells have dramatically transformed our
view of the actin cytoskeleton as a framework for cellular processes. Conventional …

Contents Summary 381 I. Introduction 381 II. Basic movement characteristics 382 III. Actin
and associated motors, myosins, play a primary role in plant organelle movement and …

Through yet-undefined mechanisms, the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has a critical role
in endocytosis. The plant ER establishes a close association with endosomes and contacts …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐plasma membrane (PM) contact sites (EPCSs) are
structurally conserved in eukaryotes. The Arabidopsis ER‐anchored synaptotagmin 1 …

In Eukaryotes, organelle interactions occur at specialised contact sites between organelle
membranes. Contact sites are regulated by specialised tethering proteins, which bring …

NAC with a transmembrane (TM) motif1‐like (NTL) transcription factors, containing three
regions: the N‐terminal NAC domain (ND), the middle regulation region (RR), and the C …

Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of
molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the …

Contact sites are areas of close apposition between two membranes that coordinate
nonvesicular communication between organelles. Such interactions serve a wide range of …

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas, which has contributed to approximately a fifth of global
warming since pre-industrial times. The agricultural sector produces significant methane …