Improved knowledge of glacial-to-interglacial global temperature change yields Charney
(fast-feedback) equilibrium climate sensitivity 1.2±0.3° C (2σ) per W/m2, which is 4.8° C±1.2° …

Satellite data have revealed that the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets are changing
rapidly due to warming air and ocean temperatures. Crucially, Earth Observations can now …

The variability of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets occurs on various timescales and is
important for projections of sea level rise; however, there are substantial uncertainties …

Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) mass loss is predominantly driven by increased solid ice discharge,
but its variability is governed by surface processes. Snowfall fluctuations control the surface …

Observations indicate that groundwater-laden sedimentary aquifers are extensive beneath
large portions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. A reduction in the mechanical …

Nearly every glacier in Greenland has thinned or retreated over the past few decades,,–,
leading to glacier acceleration, increased rates of sea-level rise and climate impacts around …

Theoretical and numerical work has shown that under certain circumstances grounding lines
of marine-type ice sheets can enter phases of irreversible advance and retreat driven by the …

Time-variable gravity field models obtained from satellite gravimetric techniques allow for
the assessment of ice sheet mass changes in remote polar regions, such as Greenland and …

In recent sea level studies, discrepancies have arisen in ocean mass observations obtained
from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and its successor, GRACE Follow-On …

Satellite laser altimetry measures accurate elevations of the Earth's surface and precise
changes with time, monitoring key climate variables. These observations have transformed …