Neurons, especially when coupled with muscles, allow animals to interact with and navigate
through their environment in ways unique to life on earth. Found in all major animal lineages …

Ctenophores (commonly known as comb jellies) are among the earliest branching extant
lineages of the animal kingdom. Here, I present a brief overview of the ctenophore nervous …

How to make a neuron, a synapse, and a neural circuit? Is there only one 'design'for a
neural architecture with a universally shared genomic blueprint across species? The brief …

The assembly of the neuronal and other major cell type programs occurred early in animal
evolution. We can reconstruct this process by studying non-bilaterians like placozoans …

In animals, the nervous system evolved as the primary interface between multicellular
organisms and the environment. As organisms became larger and more complex, the …

Cilia are the major effectors in Ctenophores, but very little is known about their transmitter
control and integration. Here, we present a simple protocol to monitor and quantify cilia …

Abstract Ciona intestinalis Type A (Ciona robusta) is a cosmopolitan species belonging to
the phylum Urochordata, invertebrate chordates that are phylogenetically the most closely …

Ctenophores are the descendants of the earliest surviving lineage of ancestral metazoans,
predating the branch leading to sponges (Ctenophore-first phylogeny). Emerging genomic …

Food intake is regulated by internal state. This function is mediated by hormones and
neuropeptides, which are best characterized in popular model species. However, the …

Neuropeptides are ancient signaling molecules in animals but only few peptide receptors
are known outside bilaterians. Cnidarians possess a large number of G protein-coupled …