Currently, metformin is the first-line medication to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in
most guidelines and is used daily by> 200 million patients. Surprisingly, the mechanisms …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of fatty
deposits in the inner walls of vessels. These plaques restrict blood flow and lead to …

In vitro studies have associated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) with anti-inflammatory
macrophages, whereas pro-inflammatory macrophages rely on glycolysis. However, the …

Granulomas are lumps of immune cells that can form in various organs. Most granulomas
appear unstructured, yet they have some resemblance to lymphoid organs. To better …

Tissue-resident macrophage populations constitute a mosaic of phenotypes, yet how their
metabolic states link to the range of phenotypes and functions in vivo is still poorly defined …

High-grade gliomas, the most common and aggressive primary brain tumors, are
characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Among the immune cells …

The structurally and functionally related interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13 cytokines play pivotal
roles in shaping immune activity. The IL‐4/IL‐13 axis is best known for its critical role in T …

Phagocytosis is a key macrophage function, but how phagocytosis shapes tumor-associated
macrophage (TAM) phenotypes and heterogeneity in solid tumors remains unclear. Here …

Diabetes is a group of chronic diseases with blood glucose imbalance, and long-term
hyperglycaemia causes sustained damage to various organs of the body, resulting in …

Obesity is associated with a wide range of complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus,
cardiovascular disease, hypertension and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Obesity also …