Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs), open membranous channels between connected cells,
represent a novel direct way of communication between distant cells for the diffusion of …

Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ATP, but also ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-sugars,
adenosine, and adenine base participate in the “purinergic signalling” pathway, an …

Communication is important to ensure the correct and efficient flow of information, which is
required to sustain active social networks. A fine-tuned communication between cells is vital …

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has a pathophysiological role in obesity-associated
insulin resistance. Yet, the coordinated tissue response to ERS remains unclear. Increased …

Abstract Purpose Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are highly susceptible to diabetes-induced
metabolic stress. This study describes the early responses of RGCs to hyperglycemia and …

Despite concerted clinical and research efforts, cancer is a leading cause of death
worldwide. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have remained the most common …

2, 3, 5, 6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) as an active ingredient extracted from a traditional
Chinese herbal medicine Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. has been proved to penetrate blood …

Ectonucleotidases are extracellular enzymes with a pivotal role in inflammation that
hydrolyse extracellular purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, eg, ATP, UTP, ADP, UDP, AMP …

Astrocytes are intimately linked with brain blood vessels, an essential relationship for
neuronal function. However, astroglial factors driving these physical and functional …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder that affects the movement of the human
body. It is primarily characterized by reduced dopamine levels in the brain. The causative …