Highlights•GLP-1 analogs can cross the blood–brain barrier and stimulate the GLP-1
receptor in the brain.•Stimulation of the GLP-1 receptor has shown effects on mitochondrial …

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) are the two
primary incretin hormones secreted from the intestine on ingestion of glucose or nutrients to …

Background: Consumption of dietary fat is one of the key factors leading to obesity. High-fat
diet (HFD)-induced obesity is characterized by induction of inflammation in the …

Multiple avenues of research including epidemiology, molecular genetics and cell biology
have identified links between Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Several …

Like type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), neurodegenerative disorders and stroke are an ever
increasing, health, social and economic burden for developed Westernized countries. Age is …

Previous studies have proposed roles for hypothalamic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in
the modulation of circuit activity of the melanocortin system,. Here we show that suppression …

Molecular communications in the gut–brain axis, between the central nervous system and
the gastrointestinal tract, are critical for maintaining healthy brain function, particularly in …

Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog (glucagon like peptide-1) used primarily in the treatment of
diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and obesity. The literature starts to suggest that liraglutide …

The hippocampus is a multifaceted, complex brain structure considered to be the learning
center. The use of primary hippocampal cell cultures has uncovered important cellular …

Reproductive function is coordinated by kisspeptin (Kiss) and GnRH neurons. Phoenixin-20
amide (PNX) is a recently described peptide found to increase GnRH-stimulated LH …