The study of metabolism provides important information for understanding the biological
basis of cancer cells and the defects of cancer treatment. Disorders of polyamine …

Highlights•Current cancer therapy targets both the tumor and the immune system.•Tumor
microenvironment (TME) regulates the anti-tumor immune responses.•Tumor-infiltrating …

Abstract CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 are key immune checkpoint receptors that are targeted in the
treatment of cancer. A recently identified physical interaction between the respective ligands …

Cancer immunotherapy has dramatically changed the approach to cancer treatment. The
aim of targeting the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells has afforded …

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) constitute the vast majority of striatal neurons and the
principal interface between dopamine reward signals and functionally diverse cortico-basal …

Immune checkpoint blockade using antibodies against negative co-receptors such as
cytolytic T cell antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) has seen much …

T cells play important roles in autoimmune diseases and cancer. Following the cloning of the
T cell receptor (TCR), the race was on to map signaling proteins that contributed to T cell …

Immune responses must be tightly regulated to ensure both optimal protective immunity and
tolerance. Costimulatory pathways within the B7: CD28 family provide essential signals for …

By attenuating T-cell activation, immune checkpoints (ICs) limit optimal anti-tumour
responses and IC inhibition (ICI) has emerged as a new therapy for a broad range of …

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) integrate signals emanating from local pathology and
program appropriate T cell responses. In allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation …