Microbial rhodopsins are diverse photoreceptive proteins containing a retinal chromophore
and are found in all domains of cellular life and are even encoded in genomes of viruses …

Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoactive retinylidene proteins widespread
throughout the microbial world. They are notable for their diversity of function, using …

Light-driven outward H+ pumps are widely distributed in nature, converting sunlight energy
into proton motive force. Here we report the characterization of an oppositely directed H+ …

Ion pumps perform active transport of ions by using energy. The active transport mechanism
can be illustrated by the Panama Canal model, which considers two gates and a gain in …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

The first microbial rhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin from
Halobacterium salinarum (Hs BR), was discovered in 1971. Since then, this seven-α-helical …

Microbial rhodopsins are versatile and ubiquitous retinal-binding proteins that function as
light-driven ion pumps, light-gated ion channels, and photosensors, with potential utility as …

Light-induced difference Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful,
sensitive and informative method for studying protein structural changes in photoreceptive …

In microbial fermentative production, ATP regeneration, while crucial for cellular processes,
conflicts with efficient target chemical production because ATP regeneration exhausts …

Background The supply of ATP is a limiting factor for cellular metabolism. Therefore, cell
factories require a sufficient ATP supply to drive metabolism for efficient bioproduction. In the …