Background & Aims: The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), characterized by
abdominal pain and bloating, is empirical and often poorly efficient. Research lacks suitable …

Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including
autonomic imbalance. These disturbances involve almost all autonomic functions and might …

Noxious stimuli can usually cause the aversive sensations, pain and itch. The initial
integration of such noxious information occurs in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal …

The midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) is a structure known for its roles in pain
transmission and modulation. Noxious stimuli potentiate the glutamate synaptic transmission …

It is documented that spinal nociceptive transmission receives descending facilitatory and
inhibitory modulation from supraspinal structures. The rostral ventral medulla (RVM) …

Key points Brainstem descending pathways control the balance of excitation and inhibition
in spinal sensory networks. In adult rodents, descending inhibition is targeted to spinal …

Painful stimuli during neonatal stage may affect brain development and contribute to
abnormal behaviors in adulthood. Very few specific therapies are available for this …

Intraplantar injection of dilute formalin evokes brief (Phase 1) and persistent (Phase 2)
increases in primary afferent activity, pain behavior, and cardiovascular responses, and …

In vitro superfusion release experiments and autoradiography were carried out on spinal
cords of neonatally capsaicin-treated rats. Electrical and chemical stimulations significantly …

Developmental changes of the response to nociceptive heat were examined in mice treated
with capsaicin (50 mg/kg) on postnatal days 2-15. Tests of hot-plate (55 C) and irradiation by …