Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become the signature wound of wars in Afghanistan and
Iraq. Injury may result from a mechanical force, a rapid acceleration-deceleration movement …

Microglia, residential macrophages in the central nervous system, can release a variety of
factors including cytokines, chemokines, etc. to regulate the communication among neuronal …

C57Bl/6 mice were administered a high fat, Western diet (WD, 41% fat) or a very high fat lard
diet (HFL, 60% fat), and evaluated for cognitive ability using the Stone T-maze and for …

J. Neurochem.(2012) 120, 1060–1071. Abstract This study describes the effects of long‐
chain fatty acids on inflammatory signaling in cultured astrocytes. Data show that the …

Estrogen is an immunoregulatory agent, in that hormone deprivation increases while 17β-
estradiol (E2) administration blocks the inflammatory response; however, the underlying …

Beyond the key role in reproductive and cognitive functions, estrogens have been shown to
protect against neurodegeneration associated with acute and chronic injuries of the adult …

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to
high fat diet on the brain. Female rats were divided into high fat diet (HFD) and control diet …

Activated macrophages are classified into two different forms: classically activated (M1) or
alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. The presence of M1/M2 phenotypic polarization …

Glial cells are directly or indirectly affected by estradiol and by different estrogenic
compounds, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators. Acting on oligodendrocytes …

Alterations of brain microvasculature and the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
integrity are commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) …