This narrative review represents an output from the International Association for the Study of
Pain's global task force on the use of cannabis, cannabinoids, and cannabis-based …

The prevalence and cost of chronic pain is a major physical and mental health care problem
in the United States today. As a result, there has been a recent explosion of research on …

Pain decreases the activity of many ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons,
yet the underlying neural circuitry connecting nociception and the DA system is not …

Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent symptoms of disease and may be useful
adaptations to protect vulnerable tissues. Both may, however, also emerge as diseases in …

The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

The formalin model is widely used for evaluating the effects of analgesic compounds in
laboratory animals. Injection of formalin into the hind paw induces a biphasic pain response; …

In this paper various aspects of animal pain and methods for its assessment are considered.
The responses of lambs and calves to castration and of lambs to tail docking are used to …

Just over a decade has past since Hunt et al.[31]. reported that the gene c-fos and its protein
product Fos are expressed in the spinal cord of rats subjected to peripheral noxious …

Nociceptive neuronal circuits are formed during embryonic and postnatal times when painful
stimuli are normally absent or limited. Today, medical procedures for neonates with health …

The serine hydrolase monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) converts the endogenous
cannabinoid receptor agonist 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and other monoacylglycerols …