This study analyzed the effect that dysphagia etiology, different observers, and bolus
consistency might have on the level of agreement for measurements in FEES images …

Background Measurement of patient race/ethnicity in electronic health records is mandated
and important for tracking health disparities. Objective Characterize the quality of …

Reliability and agreement are two notions of paramount importance in medical and
behavioral sciences. They provide information about the quality of the measurements. When …

Current interrater reliability (IRR) coefficients ignore the nested structure of multilevel
observational data, resulting in biased estimates of both subject-and cluster-level IRR. We …

Kappa statistic is widely used to assess the agreement between two procedures in the
independent matched‐pair data. For matched‐pair data collected in clusters, on the basis of …

Two types of nominal classifications are distinguished, namely regular nominal
classifications and dichotomous-nominal classifications. The first type does not include an …

Circular classifications are classification scales with categories that exhibit a certain
periodicity. Since linear scales have endpoints, the standard weighted kappas used for …

Inter-rater agreement measures are used to estimate the degree of agreement between two
or more assessors. When the agreement table is ordinal, different weight functions that …

The kappa statistic is widely used to assess the agreement between two raters. Motivated by
a simulation‐based cluster bootstrap method to calculate the variance of the kappa statistic …

Devices that measure our physical, medical and mental condition have entered our daily life
recently. Such devices measure our status in a continuous manner and can be useful in …