The evolution of aposematism is difficult to explain because:(1) new aposematic morphs will
be relatively rare and thus risk extinction during predator education; and (2) aposematic …

Local warning colour polymorphism, frequently observed in aposematic organisms, is
evolutionarily puzzling. This is because variation in aposematic signals is expected to be …

The behaviour of three species of nocturnally active, visually orienting crabs (Portunus
sebae, P. spinnimanus and P. ordwayi) was observed to determine whether the luminescent …

Allocation to different components of defence has been suggested as an explanation for the
existence of multiple aposematic morphs in a single population. We tested whether there are …

Gregariousness in insects is often associated with aposematism, which has two distinct
properties, repellent defence and warning coloration. Theoretically, both repellent defence …

From eminent biologists like Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin to famous authors
such as Rudyard Kipling in his Just So Stories, many people have asked,“Why do zebras …

Aposematic insect species are thought to gain protection from avian predators by advertising
their unpalatability with bright or conspicuous coloration. However, individuals within a …

The functions of bright bands in coral and other snakes have long been a puzzle. The most
common opinion is that coral snakes display aposematic marks and that other red and black …

Aposematism, the use of conspicuous colours to advertise unpalatability to predators, is
perhaps the most studied signalling system in nature. However, its evolutionary stability …

In a seminal contribution, Fisher argued how distastefulness could incrementally evolve in a
prey species that was distributed in family groups. Many defended prey species occur in …