There is confusion in the animal behaviour literature over the use of the terms 'toxicity'and
'unpalatability', which are commonly used interchangeably when describing the function of …

Deadly toxins and resistance to them are an evolutionary enigma. Selection for increased
resistance does not occur if predators do not survive encounters with toxic prey. Similarly …

Aposematic species use brightly coloured signals to warn potential predators of their
unpalatability. The function of these signals is largely believed to be frequency‐dependent …

In a model, conflicts of interest between communicating individuals are shown to have an
important influence on the cost and form of signals that evolve. Two types of conflict are …

Sequestration of plant defensive chemicals by herbivorous insects is a way of defending
themselves against their natural enemies. Such herbivores have repeatedly evolved bright …

Evolution of costly secondary defences for a cryptic prey is puzzling, if the prey is already
well protected by camouflage. However, if the chemical defence is not sufficient to deter all …

Generalization is at the heart of many aspects of behavioral ecology; for foragers it can be
seen as an essential feature of learning about potential prey, because natural populations of …

Warning coloration signals are a familiar and conspicuous phenomenon in nature. However,
the fundamental question of how warning signals initially evolved remains unanswered. For …

Many animals bear conspicuous warning signals that advertise toxin-mediated
unpalatability to predators; this is known as aposematism. Frogs in particular have evolved …

Aposematic species advertise their unpalatability to potential predators using conspicuous
warning colouration. The initial evolution of aposematism is thought to occur by warningly …