In 2006, Zamboni reintroduced the concept that chronic impaired venous outflow of the
central nervous system is associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), coining the term of chronic …

The extra-cranial venous system is complex and not well studied in comparison to the
peripheral venous system. A newly proposed vascular condition, named chronic …

Importance Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
restricted venous outflow from the brain and spinal cord. Whether this condition is …

Objective: We report the results of the investigation of safety and efficacy of venous
angioplasty in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with findings of extracranial venous …

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of balloon vs sham venoplasty of narrowing of
the extracranial jugular and azygos veins in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Patients with …

PURPOSE: To investigate characteristics of cine phase contrast-calculated cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF) flow and velocity measures in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple …

Purpose To investigate an examiner-independent catheter venography protocol that could
be used to reliably diagnose venous outflow abnormalities in patients with multiple sclerosis …

Objective Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the internal jugular veins (IJVs)
has been proposed in recent years to treat chronic cerebrovascular venous insufficiency …

Accumulated evidence suggests that cardiovascular autonomic nervous system (ANS)
dysfunction may be the underlying cause of many MS clinical presentations, including …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central
nervous system (CNS) affecting prevalently young adults (1, 2). The pathogenesis of MS has …