Delayed cerebral ischemia is a major predictor of poor outcomes in patients who suffer
subarachnoid hemorrhage. Treatment options are limited and often ineffective despite many …

Spreading depression (SD) is a transient wave of near-complete neuronal and glial
depolarization associated with massive transmembrane ionic and water shifts. It is …

INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) covers and protects the brain from mechanical
injury. CSF also flows along an interconnected network of perivascular spaces surrounding …

A modern understanding of how cerebral cortical lesions develop after acute brain injury is
based on Aristides Leão's historic discoveries of spreading depression and asphyxial/anoxic …

Focal brain damage after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage predominantly results
from intracerebral haemorrhage, and early and delayed cerebral ischaemia. The …

Spreading depolarizations (SD) are waves of abrupt, near-complete breakdown of neuronal
transmembrane ion gradients, are the largest possible pathophysiologic disruption of viable …

The term spreading depolarization describes a wave in the gray matter of the central
nervous system characterized by swelling of neurons, distortion of dendritic spines, a large …

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) and depolarization waves are associated with
dramatic failure of brain ion homeostasis, efflux of excitatory amino acids from nerve cells …

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a medical emergency that accounts for
5% of all stroke cases. Individuals affected are typically in the prime of their lives (mean age …

Punctuated episodes of spreading depolarizations erupt in the brain, encumbering tissue
structure and function, and raising fascinating unanswered questions concerning their …