Emotions arise from activations of specialized neuronal populations in several parts of the
cerebral cortex, notably the anterior cingulate, insula, ventromedial prefrontal, and …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Ethanol is one of the most commonly abused drugs. Although environmental and genetic
factors contribute to the etiology of alcohol use disorders, it is ethanol's actions in the brain …

Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS–EEG) has
emerged as a powerful tool to non-invasively probe brain circuits in humans, allowing for the …

The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances
synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they …

Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …

Neurotransmitters are biologically active molecules that are crucial for the regulation of
normal physiological functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Therefore …

The tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA), also named the rostromedial tegmental nucleus
(RMTg), is a recently defined midbrain structure considered to exert a major inhibitory drive …

Addictive substances are known to increase dopaminergic signaling in the
mesocorticolimbic system. The origin of this dopamine (DA) signaling originates in the …