Mitochondria are essential in most eukaryotes and are involved in numerous biological
functions including ATP production, cofactor biosyntheses, apoptosis, lipid synthesis, and …

BACKGROUND: Glutathione-dependent catalysis is a metabolic adaptation to chemical
challenges encountered by all life forms. In the course of evolution, nature optimized …

The beneficial effects of physical activity on brain ageing are well recognised, with
exerkines, factors that are secreted into the circulation in response to exercise, emerging as …

Abstract Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been
characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and “antioxidants” …

Characterized by nucleus pulposus (NP) cell senescence and extracellular matrix (ECM)
degradation, disc degeneration is a common pathology for various degenerative spinal …

Mitochondria play a key role in iron metabolism in that they synthesize heme, assemble iron–
sulfur (Fe/S) proteins, and participate in cellular iron regulation. Here, we review the latter …

Glutaredoxin, Grx, is a small protein containing an active site cysteine pair and was
discovered in 1976 by Arne Holmgren. The Grx system, comprised of Grx, glutathione …

Glutathione, a tripeptide with the sequence γ-Glu-Cys-Gly, exists either in a reduced form
with a free thiol group or in an oxidized form with a disulfide between two identical …

Protein structure and function can be altered by reactive oxygen species produced either by
cell metabolism or by external oxidants. Although catalases, superoxide dismutases and …

Trypanosomes and leishmania, the causative agents of several tropical diseases, possess a
unique redox metabolism which is based on trypanothione. The bis (glutathionyl) …