Rodents emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) to communicate the presence of positive or
negative emotional states and to coordinate social interactions. On this basis, USVs are …

The synthetic cathinones are derived from the naturally occurring drug cathinone found in
the khat plant (Catha edulis) and have chemical structures and neurochemical …

Mice and rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), which may express their arousal and
emotional states, to communicate with each other. There is continued scientific effort to …

The study of sex as a biological variable is a necessary emphasis across a wide array of
endpoints, including basic neuroscience, medicine, mental health, physiology and behavior …

Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning describes a phenomenon wherein an animal
learns to avoid consumption of a particular taste or food following its pairing with an aversive …

Drug use and abuse are complex issues in that the basis of each may involve different
determinants and consequences, and the transition from one to the other may be equally …

Menthol is preferred by~ 25% of smokers and is the most common flavoring additive in
tobacco and electronic cigarettes. Although some clinical studies have suggested that …

We consider conditioned taste aversion to involve a learned reduction in the palatability of a
taste (and hence in amount consumed) based on the association that develops when a taste …

Habitual use of nicotine containing products increases propensity to misuse prescription
opioids and its prevalence is substantially increased in individuals currently involved in …

Synthetic cathinones, otherwise known as “bath salts”, have gained significant attention in
the last few years as a result of increased use and abuse. One such compound, 3, 4 …