In the last two decades, considerable interest has been shown in understanding the
development of the gut microbiota and its internal and external effects on the intestine, as …

Emerging data have demonstrated a strong association between the gut microbiota and the
development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as atherosclerosis …

Obesity is characterized by the excessive deposition of fat that may interfere with the normal
metabolic process of the body. It is a chronic condition associated with various metabolic …

Since the Seven Countries Study, dietary cholesterol and the levels of serum cholesterol in
relation to the development of chronic diseases have been somewhat demonised. However …

Macrophage accumulation within the vascular wall is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. In
atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages respond to various environmental stimuli, such as …

Increasing detection of unruptured intracranial aneurysms, catastrophic outcomes from
subarachnoid hemorrhage, and risks and cost of treatment necessitate defining objective …

In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated the importance of gut microbiota in
maintaining human health. Gut dysbiosis is associated with the pathogenesis of a number of …

Morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are exceedingly high worldwide.
Researchers have found that the occurrence and development of CVDs are closely related …

Cytokines are bioactive proteins produced by many different cells of the immune system.
Due to their role in different inflammatory disease states and maintaining homeostasis, there …

Inflammation is a natural host defensive process that is largely regulated by macrophages
during the innate immune response. Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are proline …