Stimulation of the pineal gland via its sympathetic innervation pathway results in the
production of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Melatonin has many therapeutic roles and is …

Bone defects are usually treated with bone grafting. Several synthetic biomaterials have
emerged to replace autologous and allogeneic bone grafts, but there are still shortcomings …

The growing safety problems about the use of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is one
of the recent issues that was improved by using low doses of BMP-2 with the support of other …

Silk fibroin (SF) is a protein polymer claimed to have outstanding potential for medical
applications. However, because of the manufacturing process, materials from regenerated …

Introduction: Engineering biodegradable scaffolds for bone regeneration in osseous defects
is an attractive alternative to harvesting grafts from living tissues. Calcium sulfate based …