Coronaviruses (CoVs) constitute a large and diverse subfamily of positive-sense single-
stranded RNA viruses. They are found in many mammals and birds and have great …

Many questions on the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis remain to answer. The SARS-CoV-2
genome encodes some accessory proteins that are essential for infection. Notably …

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new member of the
Coronaviridae family known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS …

Viral infection-induced cell death has long been considered as a double-edged sword in the
inhibition or exacerbation of viral infections. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 …

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in upwards of 6.8 million deaths over the past three
years, and the frequent emergence of variants continues to strain global health. Although …

The nasal epithelium is the initial entry portal and primary barrier to infection by all human
coronaviruses (HCoVs). We utilize primary human nasal epithelial cells grown at air–liquid …

Mitochondria play a central role in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), bioenergetics
linked with ATP production, fatty acids biosynthesis, calcium signaling, cell cycle regulation …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) encodes six accessory
proteins (3a, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, and 9b) for which limited information is available on their role in …

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped and positive-stranded RNA viruses with a large
genome (∼ 30kb). CoVs include essential genes, such as the replicase and four genes …

Abstract SARS-CoV-2, the causal agent of COVID-19, is primarily a pulmonary virus that can
directly or indirectly infect several organs. Despite many studies carried out during the …