Macromolecular crowding affects the activity of proteins and functional macromolecular
complexes in all cells, including bacteria. Crowding, together with physicochemical …

Life-like systems need to maintain a basal metabolism, which includes importing a variety of
building blocks required for macromolecule synthesis, exporting dead-end products, and …

The mechanisms that underlie the regulation of enzymatic reactions by biomolecular
condensates and how they scale with compartment size remain poorly understood. Here we …

Microbes are increasingly employed as cell factories to produce biomolecules. This often
involves the expression of complex heterologous biosynthesis pathways in host strains …

Recent advances in de novo protein design have delivered a diversity of discrete de novo
protein structures and complexes. A new challenge for the field is to use these designs …

Cellular membranes, including the plasma and endosome membranes, are barriers to
outside proteins. Various vehicles have been devised to deliver proteins across the plasma …

Regulated cell death (RCD) controls the removal of dispensable, infected or malignant cells,
and is thus essential for development, homeostasis and immunity of multicellular organisms …

Highlights•Compartment formation driven by protein self-assembly or phase
transition.•Pathway enzymes can be directed into compartments for metabolic engineering.• …

The regulation and preservation of distinct intracellular and extracellular solute
microenvironments is crucial for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In mammals, the …

Summary Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) comprises 17% of the human
genome, continuously generates genetic variations, and causes disease in certain cases …