The animal gut serves as a primary location for the complex host–microbe interplay that is
essential for homeostasis and may also reflect the types of ancient selective pressures that …

Ecological immunology is a rapidly growing field of study that focuses on understanding
variation in immune systems across species and how this relates to species ecology and …

Autoantibodies are self-reactive antibodies that have been widely implicated as causal
agents of autoimmune diseases. They are found in the blood of all human sera, regardless …

Otitis media (OM)(a middle ear infection) is a common childhood illness that can leave some
children with permanent hearing loss. OM can arise following infection with a variety of …

Although first described decades ago, the relevance of carbohydrate specific antibodies as
mediators of type I allergy had not been recognized until recently. Previously, allergen …

Natural autoantibodies, immunoglobulins (Igs) that target self-proteins, are common in the
plasma of healthy individuals; some of the autoantibodies play pathogenic roles in systemic …

(Auto) antigen engagement by the B-cell receptor (BCR) and possibly the sites where this
occurs influence the outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). To test if selection for …

The adaptive immune system augments host defenses against diverse infectious threats, yet
also carries intertwined risks for the development of autoimmune disease. The immune …

Peptide bond-hydrolyzing catalytic antibodies (catabodies) could degrade toxic proteins, but
acquired immunity principles have not provided evidence for beneficial catabodies …

IgM is an antibody class common to all vertebrates that plays a primary role in host defenses
against infection. Binding of IgM with an antigen initiates the complement cascade …