Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III
secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III …

Nicotiana benthamiana is the most widely used experimental host in plant virology, due
mainly to the large number of diverse plant viruses that can successfully infect it …

Background An important layer of active defense in plant immunity is the detection of
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) mediated by cell-surface receptors. For …

Phytohormones are produced by plants and play central roles in interactions with
pathogenic and beneficial microbes as well as plant growth and development. Each …

Phytopathogenic bacteria possess an arsenal of effector proteins that enable them to
subvert host recognition and manipulate the host to promote pathogen fitness. The type III …

A highly evolved surveillance system in plants is able to detect a broad range of signals
originating from pathogens, damaged tissues, or altered developmental processes, initiating …

Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes synthesize and secrete effector proteins that are essential for
parasitism. One such protein is the 10A07 effector from the sugar beet cyst nematode …

To infect plants, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato delivers∼ 30 type III effector proteins
into host cells, many of which interfere with PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). One effector …

Summary CULLIN 4‐RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL 4s) as well as their targets are
fundamental regulators functioning in many key developmental and stress responses in …

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) is a pathogenic microorganism that causes
bacterial speck disease and affects tomato yield and quality. Pto is a disease resistant gene …