Alcohol use disorder remains a substantial social, health, and economic problem and
problem drinking levels in women have been increasing in recent years. Understanding …

Earlier research has presumed that the male and female biology is similar in most organs
except the reproductive system, leading to major misconceptions in research interpretations …

Sex differences in motivation for food rewards, gambling, and drugs of abuse are modulated
by multiple factors, including sensory stimuli, gonadal hormones, and cognitive bias. Cues …

Sexually dimorphic effects of alcohol, following binge drinking, chronic intoxication, and
withdrawal, are documented at the level of the transcriptome and in behavioral and …

Background Glutamate signaling within the nucleus accumbens underlies motivated
behavior and is involved in psychiatric disease. Although behavioral sex differences in these …

Women are more sensitive to cocaine craving elicited by stimuli associated with relapse.
Ovarian hormones modulate cocaine craving and may therefore function as risk factors or …

In recent years, an increasing attention has given to the intricate and diverse connection of
microorganisms residing in our gut and their impact on brain health and central nervous …

Background The development and persistence of addiction is mediated in part by drug-
induced alterations in nucleus accumbens (NAc) function. AMPA-type glutamate receptors …

The mesocorticolimbic system coordinates executive functions, such as working memory
and behavioral flexibility. This circuit includes dopaminergic projections from the ventral …

Estrogens affect dopamine‐dependent diseases/behavior and have rapid effects on
dopamine release and receptor availability in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Low levels of …