The size and arrangement of fibres play a determinate role in the kinetic and energetic
performance of muscles. Extrapolations between fibre architecture and performance …

Movement is fundamental to human and animal life, emerging through interaction of
complex neural, muscular, and skeletal systems. Study of movement draws from and …

Over the past half-century, musculoskeletal simulations have deepened our knowledge of
human and animal movement. This article outlines ten steps to becoming a musculoskeletal …

The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping
to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of …

Bipedal locomotion evolved along the archosaurian lineage to birds, shifting from “hip-
based” to “knee-based” mechanisms. However, the roles of individual muscles in these …

Locomotion has influenced the ecology, evolution, and extinction of species throughout
history, yet studying locomotion in the fossil record is challenging. Computational …

Among terrestrial mammals, the largest, the 3 tonne African elephant, is one-million times
heavier than the smallest, the 3 g pygmy shrew. Body mass is the most obvious and …

Studies of soft tissue effects on joint mobility in extant animals can help to constrain
hypotheses about joint mobility in extinct animals. However, joint mobility must be …

The last common ancestor of birds and crocodylians plus all of its descendants (clade
Archosauria) dominated terrestrial Mesozoic ecosystems, giving rise to disparate body …

Archosauria diversified throughout the Triassic Period before experiencing two mass
extinctions near its end∼ 201 Mya, leaving only the crocodile-lineage (Crocodylomorpha) …