Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that target two key signalling
pathways related to T cell activation and exhaustion, by binding to and inhibiting cytotoxic T …

In the 1970s, treatment with thyroid extract was superseded by levothyroxine, a synthetic l
form of tetraiodothyronine. Since then, no major innovation has emerged for the treatment of …

PURPOSE To increase awareness, outline strategies, and offer guidance on the
recommended management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in patients treated …

Hypothyroidism affects up to 5% of the general population, with a further estimated 5% being
undiagnosed. Over 99% of affected patients suffer from primary hypothyroidism. Worldwide …

Importance Subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as an elevated serum thyrotropin (often
referred to as thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH) level with normal levels of free thyroxine …

Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus are closely linked. Several studies have
documented the increased prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus …

Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles
in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T …

Background Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade therapies have
demonstrated durable responses and prolonged survival in a variety of malignancies …

Autoimmune diseases have a high prevalence in the population, and autoimmune thyroid
disease (AITD) is one of the most common representatives. Thyroid autoantibodies are not …

Importance The benefit of thyroid hormone therapy for subclinical hypothyroidism is
uncertain. New evidence from recent large randomized clinical trials warrants an update of …