Cancer immunotherapy has become an established therapeutic paradigm in oncologic
therapy, but its therapeutic efficacy remains unsatisfactory in the majority of cancer patients …

Primary brain cancer or brain cancer is the overgrowth of abnormal or malignant cells in the
brain or its nearby tissues that form unwanted masses called brain tumors. People with …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis and high
mortality, with no curative treatment to date as limited trafficking across the blood–brain …

Brain diseases remain a significant global healthcare burden. Conventional
pharmacological therapy for brain diseases encounters huge challenges because of the …

Involvement of 3D tumor cell models in the in vitro biological testing of novel
nanotechnology-based strategies for cancer management can provide in-depth information …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) continues to be one of the main clinical obstacles in the
treatment of glioma. Current chemotherapies always bring many different side effects, some …

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has emerged as a promising approach in
clinical oncology. For brain metastases, the presence of the robust blood–brain barrier …

Surface modification of nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial for their effective utilization in diverse
medical conditions, as it addresses challenges such as rapid passive clearance by the …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. Although current treatment
strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have achieved clinical …

Brain cancers, particularly malignant gliomas such as glioblastoma, are highly invasive and
characterized by elevated complexity, heterogeneity, and high infiltration ability. Therefore …