The present study aimed to determine how the learning and memory gradually change with
the prolonged hindlimb unloading (HU) treatment in rats. Different HU durations (7 d, 14 d …

Progressive age-related changes in skeletal muscle mass and composition, underpin
decreases in muscle function, which can inturn lead to impaired mobility and quality of life in …

The functional adaptation of the immune system to the surrounding environment is also a
fundamental issue in space. It has been suggested that a decreased number of lymphocytes …

Background: Ionizing radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) is one of the major risk
factors that will impact the health of astronauts on extended missions outside the protective …

In decapod crustaceans, claw muscle undergoes atrophy in response to elevated
ecdysteroids while thoracic muscle undergoes atrophy in response to unweighting. The …

Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that are important global‐as well as tissue‐
and cell‐type‐specific regulators of gene expression. Muscle‐specific miRNAs or myomirs …

Noise exposure causes auditory nerve (AN) degeneration and hearing deficiency, though
the proximal biological consequences are not entirely understood. Most AN fibers and spiral …

Aging is associated with a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function termed
sarcopenia. Various metabolic alterations that occur with aging also increase the risk of …

Background/Aims: Embryonic developmental studies under microgravity conditions in space
are very limited. To study the effects of altered gravity on the embryonic development …

The auditory nerve is the primary conveyor of hearing information from sensory hair cells to
the brain. It has been believed that loss of the auditory nerve is irreversible in the adult …