There have been many studies on the biological effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on
differentiated cells or adult stem cells. However, there has been no systematic study on the …

Gravity has been an ever-existing force impacting various processes since the beginning of
time. Biological properties of living organisms change when the gravitational force is altered …

Several chronic diseases lead to skeletal muscle loss and a decline in physical
performance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs, which have exhibited their …

During food deprivation (FD), skeletal muscle protein is broken down to produce amino
acids for hepatic gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels. However, it is unclear …

Microgravity as well as chronic muscle disuse are two causes of low back pain originated at
least in part from paraspinal muscle deconditioning. At present no study investigated the …

The musculoskeletal system provides the body with correct posture, support, stability, and
mobility. It is composed of the bones, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and …

Osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, respond to various mechanical forces, such as stretch
and fluid shear force in essentially similar ways. The cytoskeleton, as the load-bearing …

In space, living organisms are exposed to multiple stress factors including microgravity and
space radiation. For humans, these harmful environmental factors have been known to …

Short-chain fatty acids produced by the gut bacterial fermentation of non-digestible
carbohydrates, eg, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), contribute to the maintenance of skeletal …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) belong to the family of small non-coding RNAs that mediate gene
expression by post-transcriptional regulation. Increasing evidence have demonstrated that …