The synaptic vesicle, a cellular compartment tens to hundreds of nanometres in size, is a
main player in the process of exocytosis for neuronal communication. Understanding the …

The plasma membrane separates the interior of cells from the outside environment. The
membrane tension, defined as the force per unit length acting on a cross-section of …

Mitochondrial fusion is thought to be important for supporting cardiac contractility, but is
hardly detectable in cultured cardiomyocytes and is difficult to directly evaluate in the heart …

Insight into the regulation of complex physiological systems emerges from understanding
how biological units communicate with each other. Recent findings show that mitochondria …

Electrochemical measurements of neurotransmitters provide insight into the dynamics of
neurotransmission. In this review, we describe the development of electrochemical …

Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter identified more than a century ago, plays critical
roles in human activities and health; however, its synaptic concentration dynamics have …

Background Halophytes tolerate external salt concentrations of 200 mm and more,
accumulating salt concentrations of 500 mm and more in their shoots; some …

The present review focuses on the effects of pulsed electric fields on lipid vesicles ranging
from giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) to small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs), from both …

Hormones and neurotransmitters are released through fluctuating exocytotic fusion pores
that can flicker open and shut multiple times. Cargo release and vesicle recycling depend on …

Pollen tube (PT) serves as a vehicle that delivers male gametes (sperm cells) to a female
gametophyte during double fertilization, which eventually leads to the seed formation. It is …