Biomaterials have evolved from inert materials that lack interaction with the body to
biologically active, instructive materials that host and provide signals to surrounding cells …

The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi,
parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a …

Infectious diseases and infections remain a leading cause of death in low-income countries
and a major risk to vulnerable groups, such as infants and the elderly. The immune system …

The gut microbiome plays an important role in human health and influences the
development of chronic diseases ranging from metabolic disease to gastrointestinal …

Research on lactic acid bacteria has confirmed how specific strains possess probiotic
properties and impart unique sensory characteristics to food products. The use of probiotic …

The gastrointestinal microbiome is a diverse consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi,
protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the gut of all mammals. Studies in humans and other …

The early-life microbiome appears to be affected by mode of delivery, but this effect may
depend on intrapartum antibiotic exposure. Here, we assess the effect of delivery mode on …

The gastrointestinal tract of mammals hosts a high and diverse number of different
microorganisms, known as intestinal microbiota. Many probiotics were originally isolated …

The act of defaecation, although a ubiquitous human experience, requires the coordinated
actions of the anorectum and colon, pelvic floor musculature, and the enteric, peripheral and …

The widespread use of antibiotics in the past 80 years has saved millions of human lives,
facilitated technological progress and killed incalculable numbers of microbes, both …