Numerous viruses of human or animal origin can spread in the environment and infect
people via water and food, mostly through ingestion and occasionally through skin contact …

This paper reviews the state of knowledge regarding human viruses in water systems from
an environmental engineer's perspective. The authors describe (1) viruses of concern and …

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR) methods
have revolutionized environmental microbiology, yielding quantitative organism-specific …

Epidemiology studies of recreational waters have demonstrated that swimmers exposed to
faecally-contaminated recreational waters are at risk of excess gastrointestinal illness …

Microbial source tracking (MST) methods have provided the means to identify sewage
contamination in recreational waters, but the risk associated with elevated levels of MST …

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required, under provisions of the Safe
Drinking Water Act (amended in 1996), to publish a list of unregulated contaminants, known …

Water quality through the presence of pathogenic enteric microorganisms may affect human
health. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and coliphages are normally used as indicators of …

After many outbreaks of enteric virus associated with consumption of drinking water, the
study of enteric viruses in water has increased significantly in recent years. In order to better …

Available filtration methods to concentrate waterborne viruses are either too costly for
studies requiring large numbers of samples, limited to small sample volumes, or not very …

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), the assessment of microbial risks when
model inputs and estimated health impacts are explicitly quantified, is a valuable tool to …