I. Executive Summary Background The 5 years since the publication of the first International
Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed …

Cationic host defence peptides (CHDP), also known as antimicrobial peptides, are naturally
occurring peptides that can combat infections through their direct microbicidal properties …

Coronaviruses are adept at evading host antiviral pathways induced by viral double-
stranded RNA, including interferon (IFN) signaling, oligoadenylate synthetase–ribonuclease …

The human upper respiratory tract (URT) offers a variety of niches for microbial colonization.
Local microbial communities are shaped by the different characteristics of the specific …

The respiratory epithelium provides a physical, functional, and immunologic barrier to
protect the host from the potential harming effects of inhaled environmental particles and to …

In the small intestine, type 2 responses are regulated by a signaling circuit that involves tuft
cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Here, we identified the microbial metabolite …

The past decade has witnessed a consolidation and refinement of the extraordinary
progress made in taste research. This Review describes recent advances in our …

Parasitic helminths and allergens induce a type 2 immune response leading to profound
changes in tissue physiology, including hyperplasia of mucus-secreting goblet cells and …

Artificial sweeteners are used as calorie-free sugar substitutes in many food products and
their consumption has increased substantially over the past years. Although generally …

Contributing Authors Isam Alobid, MD, PhD1, Nithin D. Adappa, MD2, Henry P. Barham,
MD3, Thiago Bezerra, MD4, Nadieska Caballero, MD5, Eugene G. Chang, MD6, Gaurav …