Hepatitis C virus has been identified a quarter of a decade ago as a leading cause of
chronic viral hepatitis that can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Only a …

The liver has vital metabolic and clearance functions that involve the uptake of nutrients,
waste products and pathogens from the blood. In addition, its unique immunoregulatory …

Since the identification of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) 20 years ago, much progress has been
made in our understanding of its life cycle and interaction with the host immune system …

An excess of coinhibitory signals has been proposed to drive the T‐cell exhaustion
characteristic of persistent viral infections. In this study we examined the contribution of the …

Antiretroviral therapies efficiently block HIV-1 replication but need to be maintained for life.
Moreover, chronic inflammation is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection that persists despite …

The liver is the largest organ in the body and is generally regarded by non-immunologists as
not having lymphoid function. However, such is far from accurate. This review highlights the …

Viral persistence is associated with hierarchical antiviral CD8 T cell exhaustion with
increased programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression. In HCV persistence, HCV-specific CD8 T …

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease, in which a third of individuals with
chronic HCV infections may develop liver cirrhosis. In a chronic HCV infection, host immune …

Having successfully developed mechanisms to evade immune clearance, hepatitis C virus
(HCV) establishes persistent infection in approximately 75%–80% of patients. In these …

Approximately 200 million people throughout the world are infected with hepatitis C virus
(HCV). One of the most striking features of HCV infection is its high propensity to establish …