Lung cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in most countries, and the main
cancer-related cause of mortality worldwide in both sexes combined. The geographic and …

Head and neck cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)) is a devastating
disease. Patients require intensive treatment that is often disfiguring and debilitating. Those …

Glucocorticoid action on target tissues is determined by the density of “nuclear” receptors
and intracellular metabolism by the two isozymes of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase …

In the decade since the last Lancet Seminar on lung cancer there have been advances in
many aspects of the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer …

Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals including multiple genotoxic lung
carcinogens. The classic mechanisms of carcinogen metabolic activation to DNA adducts …

The complexity of tobacco smoke leads to some confusion about the mechanisms by which
it causes lung cancer. Among the multiple components of tobacco smoke, 20 carcinogens …

The tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
(NNK) and N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) always occur together and exclusively in tobacco …

Smoking is the leading preventable disease worldwide and passive smoking is estimated to
be the cause of about 1.0% of worldwide mortality. The determination of tobacco smoke …

Abstract The 2014 Surgeon General's Report on smoking and health concluded that
changing cigarette designs have caused an increase in lung adenocarcinomas, implicating …

Nicotine is the key addictive constituent of tobacco. It is not a carcinogen, but it drives
smoking and the continued exposure to the many carcinogens present in tobacco. The …