The sensory, associative and limbic neocortical structures play a critical role in shaping
incoming noxious inputs to generate variable pain perceptions. Technological advances in …

Cognition is defined as the brain's ability to acquire, process, store, and retrieve information.
Pain has been described as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience, and for …

One of the most compelling features of dry eye disease (DED) is that it occurs more
frequently in women than men. In fact, the female sex is a significant risk factor for the …

The transition from normal to chronic pain is believed to involve alterations in several brain
areas that participate in the perception of pain. These plastic changes are then responsible …

Mood disorders such as depression and anxiety are frequently observed in patients
suffering from chronic pain. Over time, different tests and models have been developed in …

An increasing body of neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies of the brain suggest
that the insular cortex (IC) integrates multimodal salient information ranging from sensation …

The sensation of nausea is a common occurrence with diverse causes and a significant
disease burden. Nausea is considered to function as a protective mechanism, warning the …

Objective This article reviews the structural and functional changes in pain chronification
and explores the association between memory and the development of chronic pain …

Descending controls, comprising pathways that originate in midbrain and brainstem regions
and project onto the spinal cord, have long been recognised as key links in the multiple …

In the past, rehabilitation research initiatives for low back pain (LBP) have targeted outcome
enhancement through personalized treatment approaches, namely through classification …