Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from all cells in the body, forming an important
intercellular communication network that contributes to health and disease. The contents of …

Immunotherapy based on natural killer (NK) cells is a promising approach for treating a
variety of cancers. Unlike T cells, NK cells recognize target cells via a major …

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) attenuates the T lymphocytes' response to tumor
cells in various malignancies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by effector T cells …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular
communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated …

Natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill target cells undergoing different types of stress.
NK cells are also capable of modulating immune responses. In particular, they regulate T …

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play critical antitumor roles, encompassing diverse subsets
including CD4+, NK, and γδ T cells beyond conventional CD8+ CTLs. However, definitive …

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are a very diverse group of cell-derived vesicles released by
almost all kind of living cells. EV are involved in intercellular exchange, both nearby and …

Cells evolved some 4 billion years ago, and since then the integrity of the structural and
functional continuity of cellular life has been maintained via highly conserved and ancient …

Cancer is an unprecedented proliferation of cells leading to abnormalities in differentiation
and maturation. Treatment of primary and metastatic cancer is challenging. In addition to …

Introduction Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer and is classified in melanoma
and non-melanoma cancers, which include basal cell, squamous cell, and Merkel cell …