The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional
characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a …

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a heterogeneous group of compounds formed by
nonenzymatic glycation reactions between reducing sugars and amino acids, lipids, or DNA …

Background Disorders of mineral metabolism, including secondary hyperparathyroidism, are
thought to contribute to extraskeletal (including vascular) calcification among patients with …

In CKD, uremic solutes may induce endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative
stress, leading to increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated whether the uremic solute …

Abstract Purpose of the Review Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of kidney disease
[chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD)] and are both …

Recent studies have highlighted the close relationship between the kidney and the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract—frequently referred to as the kidney–gut axis—in patients with …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In
hemodialysis (HD) patients, some protein-bound uremic toxins are considered to be …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases
and suffer from accelerated atherosclerosis. CKD patients are permanently exposed to …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular
diseases. During CKD, the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS)—derived from tryptophan …

Background Uremic toxicity may play a role in the elevated risk of developing cognitive
impairment found among patients with CKD. Some uremic toxins, like indoxyl sulfate, are …