This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Animal models of epilepsy and seizures, mostly involving mice and rats, are used to
understand the pathophysiology of the different forms of epilepsy and their comorbidities, to …

Objective Topiramate, valproate, propranolol, amitriptyline, and methysergide have been
widely prescribed for migraine prophylaxis, but their mechanism or site of action is uncertain …

Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) may alleviate certain forms of neuropathic pain; its
mechanisms of action are, however, not fully understood. Previous studies have mainly …

Objective Understanding the neural mechanisms that support human consciousness is an
important frontier in neuroscience and medicine. We previously developed a rodent model …

Exercise is a naturally rewarding behaviour in human beings and can be associated with
feelings of euphoria and analgesia. The endocannabinoid system may play a role in the …

Epilepsy is a severe neural disorder that affects approximately fifty million individuals
globally. Despite the fact that for most of the people with epilepsy, convulsions are better …

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) clonixin, diclofenac, piroxicam,
ketoprofen, meloxicam, and paracetamol induced antinociception after intraperitoneal or …

Activation of the dorsal columns is relayed to supraspinal centers, involved in pain
modulation, probably via the descending fibers in the dorsolateral funiculi (DLF). The …

The influence of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced kindling of seizures on the rat emotional
behavior, the brain monoamine turnover rate measured in vitro, and correlation between …