Carbohydrate antigens are valuable as components of vaccines for bacterial infectious
agents and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and for generating immunotherapeutics …

Considerable success has been made with many peptide antigen formulations, and peptide-
based vaccines are emerging as the next generation of prophylactic and remedial …

Recombinant human (rhu) protein therapeutics are powerful tools to treat several severe
diseases such as multiple sclerosis and diabetes mellitus, among others. A major drawback …

Adverse immune responses severely hamper the success of biopharmaceutical therapies.
Possible clinical consequences include anaphylaxis, reduced drug half‐life and …

The splenic marginal zone (S-MZ) is especially well equipped for rapid humoral responses
and is unique in its ability to initiate an immune response to encapsulated bacteria (T-cell …

Despite being unable to mount a bona fide recall antibody (Ab) response to secondary
immunization, T cell-independent antigens (TI Ag) such as pneumococcal capsular …

Cancer immunotherapy has shown tremendous progresses in recent years for various
cancers and layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles are demonstrated as effective …

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is expressed in a B cell differentiation stage-
specific fashion and is essential for immunoglobulin (Ig) gene class switch DNA …

The generation and maintenance of B lymphocytes is controlled by biochemical signals
tramsitted by the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) complex. These signals are transduced by …

During the last two decades, an increasing number of reports have pointed out that the
immunogenicity of polyethylene glycol (PEG) may trigger accelerated blood clearance …