Epidemiologic studies have previously suggested that premenopausal females have
reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) when compared to age-matched males …

Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation,
pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as …

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17
million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting …

Cardiac hypertrophy can be defined as an increase in heart mass. Pathological cardiac
hypertrophy (heart growth that occurs in settings of disease, eg hypertension) is a key risk …

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of morbidity and mortality for both men
and women, occur uncommonly in premenopausal women, but their incidence rises sharply …

The metabolic syndrome has reached pandemic level worldwide, and evidence is that
estradiol plays a key role in its development. The discovery of the second estrogen receptor …

Cyclophilin D (which is encoded by the Ppif gene) is a mitochondrial matrix peptidyl-prolyl
isomerase known to modulate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore …

Nearly one-third of deaths in the United States are caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD)
each year. In the past, CVD was thought to mainly affect men, leading to the exclusion of …

Rationale: Although premenopausal females have a lower risk for cardiovascular disease,
the mechanism (s) are poorly understood. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that …