Opium, the dried juice of the seedpod of the opium poppy, has been used for the relief of
pain and suffering for several thousand years. Many opioid drugs are still derived from …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

ABSTRACT Background Kratom (Mitragynia speciosa korth) is recognized increasingly as a
remedy for opioid withdrawal by individuals who self‐treat chronic pain. Case description A …

In this study, we investigated the role of orexinergic systems in dopamine-related behaviors
induced by the μ-opioid receptor agonist morphine in rodents. Extensive coexpression of …

The recreational use of nitrous oxide (N2O) has increased over the years. At the same time,
more N2O intoxications are presented to hospitals. The incidental use of N2O is relatively …

Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of functional capacities of most if not all organs,
a reduction in homeostatic mechanisms, and a response to receptor stimulation. Also, loss of …

Background Whether used for pain management or recreation, opioids have a number of
adverse effects including hormonal imbalances. These imbalances have been reported to …

Abstract Introduction Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has
been used for centuries for its stimulant and opium-like effects. Mitragynine and 7 …

Kratom or its main alkaloid, mitragynine is derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth
which is indigenous to Southeast Asian countries. This substance has become widely …

Morphine dependence is associated with long-term adaptive changes in the brain that
involve gene expression. Different behavioral effects of morphine are mediated by different …