Haemodialysis (HD) is the commonest form of kidney replacement therapy in the world,
accounting for approximately 69% of all kidney replacement therapy and 89% of all dialysis …

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an increased risk of premature mortality,
mainly from cardiovascular causes. The association between CKD on hemodialysis and …

Mineral bone disease (MBD) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
characterized by disruption of normal mineral homeostasis within the body. One or more of …

Background Phosphate binders are used to reduce positive phosphate balance and to lower
serum phosphate levels for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with the aim to …

Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders among patients with
chronic kidney disease (CKD) partly because of their sedentary lifestyle, low fiber and fluid …

Ischaemic heart disease, sudden cardiac death and arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke and
peripheral arterial disease make up> 50% of the causes of death in advanced chronic …

Hyperphosphatemia or even serum phosphate levels within the “normal laboratory range”
are highly associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and mortality in the general …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most powerful predictors of premature
cardiovascular disease (CVD), with heightened susceptibility to vascular intimal and medial …

Serum calcium concentration is the main determinant of parathyroid hormone (PTH) release.
Defect in the activation of vitamin D in the kidneys due to chronic kidney disease (CKD) …

Background and aims Malnutrition and inflammation are closely linked to vascular
calcification (VC), the severity of which correlate with adverse outcome. However, there were …