Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death in the young age group and leads to
persisting neurological impairment in many of its victims. It may result in permanent …

Stroke is a serious neurological disease, and constitutes a major cause of death and
disability throughout the world. The pathophysiology of stroke is complex, and involves …

Swelling of the brain or spinal cord (CNS edema) affects millions of people every year. All
potential pharmacological interventions have failed in clinical trials, meaning that symptom …

INTRODUCTION Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) covers and protects the brain from mechanical
injury. CSF also flows along an interconnected network of perivascular spaces surrounding …

Focal cerebral ischaemia and post-ischaemic reperfusion cause cerebral capillary
dysfunction, resulting in oedema formation and haemorrhagic conversion. There are …

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The term cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) describes a wave of mass neuronal
depolarization associated with net influx of cations and water. Clusters of prolonged CSDs …

Attenuating blood–brain barrier permeability has become a promising approach to
managing brain edema and associated swelling given that increases in cranial water …

Cytotoxic brain edema triggered by neuronal swelling is the chief cause of mortality
following brain trauma and cerebral infarct. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging to analyze …

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon of various cerebral gray matter structures
that only occurs under pathological conditions. In the present paper, we summarize the …