Blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a natural protective membrane that prevents central nervous
system (CNS) from toxins and pathogens in blood. However, the presence of BBB …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurotoxic microglia, Th1 cells, and Th17 cells are
overactivated. Overactivation of these immune cells exacerbates the disease process and …

Our body keeps separating the toxic chemicals in the blood from the brain. A significant
number of drugs do not enter the central nervous system (CNS) due to the blood-brain …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results when external physical forces impact the head with
sufficient intensity to cause damage to the brain. TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe and …

Blood-brain barrier disruption plays an important role in central nervous system diseases.
This review provides information on the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in brain …

Bacterial meningitis remains a leading cause of infection-related mortality worldwide.
Although Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common etiology of neonatal meningitis, the …

Alzheimer's disease's pathophysiology is still a conundrum. Growing number of evidences
have elucidated the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathology of AD rendering it a …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a defensive line protecting the central nervous
system, while also maintaining micro-environment homeostasis and inhibiting harmful …

Cellular senescence and chronic inflammation in response to aging are considered to be
indicators of brain aging; they have a great impact on the aging process and are the main …

The cardiometabolic health of the population is a crucial indicator of public health,
considering the significant impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes on global …