Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular
bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be …

Seasonal influenza vaccines lack efficacy against drifted or pandemic influenza strains.
Developing improved vaccines that elicit broader immunity remains a public health priority …

Nucleic acids are gaining significant attention as versatile building blocks for the next
generation of soft materials. Due to significant advances in the chemical synthesis and …

All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self
and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity …

Oligonucleotides in Drug Development As research on the structure and function of RNAs
has rapidly expanded, so too has the number of oligonucleotide drugs in clinical …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells
that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) …

Use of highly pure antigens to improve vaccine safety has led to reduced vaccine
immunogenicity and efficacy. This has led to the need to use adjuvants to improve vaccine …

Organisms throughout biology need to maintain the integrity of their genome. From bacteria
to vertebrates, life has established sophisticated mechanisms to detect and eliminate foreign …

In the decade since the discovery that mouse B cells respond to certain unmethylated CpG
dinucleotides in bacterial DNA, a specific receptor for these'CpG motifs' has been identified …

Unmethylated CpG motifs are prevalent in bacterial but not vertebrate genomic DNAs.
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG motifs activate host defense mechanisms …